Deer, mink and hyenas have caught COVID-19 animal virologists explain how to find the coronavirus in animals and why humans need to worry – KRQE News…

(THE CONVERSATION) In April 2020, tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo made the news whenthey came down with COVID-19. In the months following these surprising diagnoses, researchers and veterinarians found SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, innearly a dozen other species, both in captivity and in the wild.

How are so many animals catching the coronavirus? And what does this mean for human and animal health?

We areveterinary researcherswhoinvestigateanimal diseases, including zoonotic diseases that can infect both humans and animals. It is important, for both human and animal health, to know what species are susceptible to infection by the coronavirus. Our labs and others across the world have tested domestic, captive and wild animals for the virus, in addition toconducting experimentsto determine which species are susceptible.

The list ofinfected animals so farincludes more than a dozen species. But in reality, infections may be much more widespread, as very few species and individual animals have been tested. This has real implications for human health. Animals can not only spread pathogens like the coronavirus, but also can be a source of new mutations.

Which animals have caught the coronavirus?

As of February 2022, researchers and veterinary diagnostic labs have confirmed that31 speciesare susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to pets and zoo animals, researchers have found that a number ofnonhuman primates,ferrets,deer mice,hyenas,wood rats, striped skunks and red foxare among the animals that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2.

White-tailed deer and mink are the only two species of animals that have been found harboring the virus in the wild. Fortunately,most animalsdont appear to experience clinical disease like humans do, with the exception ofmink. However, even animals that dont appear sick may be able to transmit the virus to each other and, potentially, back to people. Still unanswered are many questions about which animals can contract the virus and what, if anything, that means for people.

How to look for a virus in animals

There are three ways to study zoonotic diseases: by looking at pets or captive species like animals in zoos, testing wild animals for the coronavirus or by exposing animals to the virus in a lab.

During early stages of the pandemic, when a few pet owners or zoo caretakers observed animals with breathing problems or coughing, they arranged with veterinarians to get them tested for the coronavirus. The U.S. Department of Agriculture andthe Centers for Disease Control and Preventioncoordinate COVID-19 testing and management in animals. The same process of taking a sample and running it through a PCR machine to test for the coronavirus works just as well for animals as it does for people, though swabbing the nose of a lion or even a pet cat requires a bit more training and finesse. Veterinary diagnostic laboratorieslike our ownrun hundreds of thousands of tests for animal diseases each year, so we were able toeasily begin testing for SARS-CoV-2.

Relying on previous research, scientists have been able to make some guesses as to which animals are susceptible and have been testing these hypotheses. Cats, hamsters and ferrets were all infected during thefirst SARS outbreakin 2002, so researchers suspected they would be susceptible to the new coronavirus. Sure enough, research showed that SARS-CoV-2readily infectedthese species inlaboratory experiments. Mink are closely related to ferrets, and during the summer and fall of 2020, mink farms across the U.S. becamesites of huge outbreaksafter people passed the coronavirus to the animals.

Using computer models, scientists were also able to predict that the coronavirus could easily infect some species of deer usingkey proteins on their cells. Based on these predictions, researchers began testing white-tailed deer for the coronavirus andfirst reported positivesin August 2021.

Most recently, on Feb. 7, 2022, researchers published a preprint paper showing that deer on Staten Island, New York, are infected with theomicron variant.Since this is the virus infecting most New Yorkers, this provides strong evidence that humans somehow transmitted the virus to deer. How deer in atleast six states and Canadainitially came in contact with SARS-CoV-2 remains a mystery.

Finally, to understand how the coronavirus affects animals, researchers have been conducting carefully controlled exposure experiments. These studies evaluate how infected animals shed the virus, whether they have clinical symptoms, and whether and how much the virus mutates in different species.

Risks of a species-jumping coronavirus

The risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 from an animal is, for most people, far lower than being exposed to it by another human. But if the coronavirus is living and spreading among animals and occasionally jumping back to humans, this process known asspillover and spillback poses its own threats to public health.

First, infection of animals simply increases the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in an environment. Second, large populations of animals that can sustain the infection can act as a reservoir for the virus, maintaining it even if the number of infections in humans decreases. This is particularly concerning with deer that live in high numbers in suburban areas and could transmit the virus back to people.

Finally, when SARS-CoV-2 spreads from humans to animals,our laboratorys own workindicates that the virus very rapidly accumulates mutations. Viruses adapt to the unique characteristics body temperature, diet and immune composition of whatever animal they are living in by mutating. The more species infected,the more mutationsoccur. Its possible that the new variants emerging in people could infect new animal species. Or its possible that new variants could initially arise from animals and infect humans.

The story of SARS-CoV-2 in animals isnt over yet. According to the CDC, six of every 10 human infectious diseases can be spread from animals to people, and around three-quarters ofnew or emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals. Research has shown that investing in the study of zoonotic diseases couldvastly reduce the costs of future pandemics, and this type of complex research hashistorically been underfunded. Yet despite this, in 2021, the CDC allocated only$193 milliontoward the study of emerging zoonotic infectious diseases less thana quarter of 1 percent of the CDCs total budget.

There are still many unknowns about how viruses transfer between humans and animals, how they live and mutate in animal populations and the risks of species-jumping viruses. The more researchers know, the better health officials, governments and scientists can prepare and prevent the next pandemic.

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Deer, mink and hyenas have caught COVID-19 animal virologists explain how to find the coronavirus in animals and why humans need to worry - KRQE News...