Category: Covid-19

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Science Update: Antiviral drug TEMPOL effective in hamster model of COVID-19, suggests NICHD-led study – National Institute of Child Health and Human…

September 10, 2022

Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a cell infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus particles (purple).Credit: NIAID

The experimental drug TEMPOL prevents viral replication and reduces disease severity in a hamster model of COVID-19, according to a new study led by NIHsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The findings offer a potential new antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection and related viruses, including MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. The study appears iniScience.

Last year, NICHD researchers provided evidence that TEMPOL may be a promising antiviral treatment for COVID-19 because it impairs the activity of a viral enzyme called RNA replicase that is essential for the virus to replicate. Their initial experiments in human cell cultures showed antiviral activity and low toxicity. The new study evaluates the drugs effectiveness in a Syrian hamster animal model, which is commonly used to study COVID-19.

The researchers found that TEMPOL significantly reduced viral replication in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters. Hamsters treated with TEMPOL (2 hours before infection and daily over nine days) had markedly less damage to their lungs and other respiratory tissues and did not experience weight loss when compared to hamsters that received a placebo. Ten days after infection, the study team observed continued abnormalities in lung samples from the control group whereas TEMPOL-treated hamsters had minimal damage.

The findings suggest that TEMPOL is an effective antiviral that can limit lung disease in a well-characterized animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, researchers are evaluating the effect of TEMPOL in high-risk patients with early COVID-19, but results are not yet available.

If future research confirms that TEMPOL is an effective antiviral drug in people, it can expand treatment options for healthcare providers. TEMPOL works differently than other antivirals currently approved for COVID-19 (i.e., remdesivir, molnupiravir, and Paxlovid), and this alternative mechanism is beneficial if drug-resistant strains develop.

Maio, N et al., TEMPOL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and development of lung disease in the Syrian hamster model. iScience DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105074 (2022)

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Science Update: Antiviral drug TEMPOL effective in hamster model of COVID-19, suggests NICHD-led study - National Institute of Child Health and Human...

The CEO Who Helped Animals Survive Covid-19 – The Wall Street Journal

September 10, 2022

When Kristin Peck was named chief executive of animal health company Zoetis Inc. in January of 2020, she had a 100-day plan. Covid-19 threw that plan into disarray.

Ms. Peck, 50, quickly reset. She focused on being empathetic, listening to employees and customers and trying to address the challenges of that period by not using the pandemic as a reason to lay off workers.

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The CEO Who Helped Animals Survive Covid-19 - The Wall Street Journal

Five virus families that could cause the next pandemic – University of Sydney

September 7, 2022

Before COVID-19, influenza was the infection mostwell-knownfor causing pandemics.

Influenza virus is subdivided into types (A, B, and rarely C and D). Influenza A is further classified into subtypes based on haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) protein variants on the surface of the virus. Currently, the most common influenza strains in humans are A/H1N1 and A/H3N2.

Zoonotic infectionoccurs when influenza strains that primarily affect animals spill over to humans.

Major changes in the influenza virus usually result fromnew combinationsof influenza viruses that affect birds, pigs and humans. New strains have the potential to cause pandemics as there is little pre-existing immunity.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been four influenzapandemics, in 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009. In between pandemics, seasonal influenza circulates throughout the world.

Although influenza is not as infectious as many other respiratory infections, the very short incubation period of around 1.4 days means outbreaks can spread quickly.

Vaccines are available to prevent influenza, but are onlypartiallyprotective. Antiviral treatments are available, including oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and baloxavir. Oseltamivirdecreasesthe duration of illness by around 24 hours if started early, but whether it reduces the risk of severe influenza and its complications iscontroversial.

Allen Cheng

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Five virus families that could cause the next pandemic - University of Sydney

COVID-19 Restrictions Relaxed as Students Return to Classroom – The Hudson Indy Westchester’s Rivertowns News – – The Hudson Independent

September 6, 2022

September 5, 2022

By Rick Pezzullo

When students and faculty return to the classroom in the rivertowns Tuesday, theyll notice many changes from when they left for summer break.

Last month, the New York State Education Department and Health Department issued updated COVID-19 guidance in accordance with revised guidelines made by the Center for Disease Control (CDC).

Thanks to the heroic work of our educators, children across New York have been able to make a safe return to the classroom, State Department of Health Commissioner Dr. Mary T. Bassett stated. This new guidance will give schools and districts more flexibility to continue providing in-person instruction as we head into the new school year.

Under the new guidelines, there will be no mask requirements or quarantine mandates for students and faculty. Remote instruction and physical distancing are also no longer needed, along with contract tracing and surveillance testing.

We know theres no replacement for in-classroom learning, and were going to make sure that this year is a very different year, said Governor Kathy Hochul.

School administrators in Irvington, Tarrytown and Dobbs Ferry are all abiding by the most recent rules and have informed parents and students through newsletters and the district websites.

I am eager to welcome our students and staff back to school, and I hope you are as optimistic as I am to begin anew after two long years of pandemic life, Irvington Superintendent of Schools Dr. Kristopher Harrison stated. Perhaps we can begin to remember what life was like before COVID-19 introduced daily obstacles.

As of August 24, there were 89 reported cases of COVID-19 in Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow.

We are excited to be as close to typical operations as we can be. We need to continue to be flexible and responsive. COVID-19 has been very predictable, Tarrytown school officials stated. We have been working with COVID for almost three years. Safety has always been our priority, while being able to continue to educate our students in the best environment possible.

Ken Slentz, the new superintendent of schools in Dobbs Ferry, said district officials are hoping for a school year with few interruptions.

We learned never take the current situation for granted. Lets hope this year can be as normal as possible, Slentz said to the community in a video message. We need to make sure the teaching and learning taking place in our buildings is being done in a very safe and secure environment.

The CDC continues to recommend that people stay home when sick. Any student or staff member who has symptoms of respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, such as cough, fever, sore throat, vomiting, or diarrhea, is urged not to go to school.

September 5, 2022

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By Barrett Seaman Well okay, bears are not necessarily bad news, but they do seem to be around the rivertowns...

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COVID-19 Restrictions Relaxed as Students Return to Classroom - The Hudson Indy Westchester's Rivertowns News - - The Hudson Independent

She thought Covid-19 was the worst thing to happen to her schools. Then the fire came – The Guardian US

September 6, 2022

It was the second day of school for Greenville elementary school, and students were scattered across the playground, soaking in the late August sun. On the swings, some kicked their way closer to the cloudless sky; others scampered around on the multicolored jungle gym. There were shrieks and snacks and one skinned elbow, and the air was fragrant with the freshly laid woodchips that cushioned the students rapid descent from the slide.

Its the kind of scene Kristy Warren has witnessed countless times. She first came here as a student herself, then returned about 20 years later as a school principal. Since then, in the course of her seven years as the Plumas county assistant superintendent for curriculum and instruction, shes made regular visits to the stretch of road where this small northern California towns elementary school and junior-senior high school stand side-by-side.

But this day was different. After more than two years of school closures and crises first the pandemic, then the devastating Dixie fire the campus was alive with activity. This year marked the first time since 2019 that Greenvilles students would return to these classrooms on schedule as well as in person. Standing on the newly poured blacktop with a few teachers, Warren agreed that it looked like a regular school day if you ignored the backdrop of fire-blackened trees.

Working as a school administrator in a rural county with fewer than 20,000 people comes with its own unique challenges, and the disasters Warrens district has weathered in recent years have only expanded her role. Warren juggles responsibilities that would probably be shared in a larger or wealthier district, including overseeing the curriculum from early learning through adult education for all eight of Plumas countys schools, and dealing with everything from human resources and hiring to technology and budgeting.

After Covid-19 shuttered the schools in March 2020, Warren oversaw getting the districts 125 teachers set up online, first with Zoom and then using a new system she selected. When students finally began to resume in-person learning, she fielded questions and complaints about the mask mandates and helped set up a testing system that screened hundreds of students a day. She was eager to get kids back in the classroom, and she spent the summer of 2021 optimistically preparing for what was supposed to be a more normal fall, now that vaccines were readily available.

But on the evening of 4 August, less than three weeks before the first day of school, the Dixie fire, the second largest wildfire in Californias history, swept through Greenville. The nearly 964,000-acre blaze devastated the town and destroyed the majority of its buildings, including Warrens childhood home.

Residents were evacuated, and many found little remaining when they returned. The flames licked the corner of the high school gym, destroyed the elementary schools wooden welcome sign, and melted the playground equipment but the main buildings survived.

Theres not one person here who wasnt affected in some way, shape or form, Warren said. Some lost their homes, some didnt, but the whole community definitely was impacted, because chances are they knew a friend or family member who did.

The district postponed the start of school for two weeks, giving an additional four weeks to Greenville students, who were offered independent study or the option to attend another school within the Plumas county district. Since much of the area did not have dependable wifi, Greenville elementary schoolteacher Maria Johnson said she printed out learning packets and delivered them to students so they could stay on track with their education. Still, many of the residents remained displaced, and fewer than half the towns students from the previous year registered with Greenville schools after the fire.

Meanwhile, Warren and the other district staff navigated the bureaucracy of the disaster recovery system, reaching out to state and federal officials for assistance. Though Greenvilles school buildings had survived the fire physically, they were unsafe for students: there was no electricity, debris was all around, and hazardous chemicals had been found in the ground and water. But because the buildings were intact, the schools were ineligible for most recovery funding, and regulations made it difficult to cope by shifting around resources. Warren offered one example of red tape she encountered, recalling how they had to appeal directly to the governors office just to use a multipurpose hall from another campus as a cafeteria.

At the same time, Plumas county was still dealing with Covid-19. In October, there was an outbreak that sent home teachers and about a third of the students, Warren estimated. Another wave followed around the holidays, and this time so many staff got sick that Warren had to step in as a substitute teacher.

You just add on all the recovery and the trauma and Covid, and everyones just tired, Warren told me in February, during another outbreak. Everyones job is different; no ones doing what they were hired to do three years ago.

After recess on the August day I visited, Warren snapped a selfie in the refurbished gym and watched the newly made wooden welcome sign be placed in the front of the elementary school. It had been just over a year since the Dixie fire, and the Greenville schools were surrounded by properties in the early stages of construction. Warren told me how much it meant to see students and staff back on this campus again, especially since it almost didnt happen.

The schools wifi, which is currently supplied by a large temporary tower behind the buildings, was unreliable; there was no air conditioning, and temperatures that first week were expected to soar into the 90s. Ultimately, Warren said, the administrators and staff still agreed it was worth moving forward (and getting fans). Being back in the classroom would give the teachers a chance to better address the trauma students had experienced; already, some teachers told Warren theyd noticed how some students flinched whenever the bells rang, and there was a lot of anxiety around the idea of fire drills. Warren said she believed it was for the community to see the school reopen too: The busy campus stood as a sign of progress and hope.

Warren ended the day back at her desk in the nearby town of Quincy. She fielded phone calls from colleagues and state officials while checking on how many students had actually returned, compared with how many theyd expected. In Greenville, the numbers were still dozens shy of their 2020 tallies, but up from last year by nearly 50 students.

Overall, the first days back had been a success, but there were still challenges to tackle. One teacher was out with Covid-19, and there was the larger issue of the districts teacher shortage they were looking to fill about a dozen spots, and the lack of affordable housing since the fire made finding replacements even harder. The hot weather also served as a reminder of teacher requests, like the social studies departments plea for more physical textbooks since technology could not always be relied on during warmer months. Here in northern California, the growing wildfire risk has made public safety power shutoffs a regular feature of recent autumns. in many of the districts schools, bright yellow air purifiers line the halls in case of smoky days.

Warren has added yet another responsibility to her roster in recent months: she has begun sharing her districts experience of disaster recovery with other school administrators. Climate change is making extreme weather events increasingly severe and common, and a Government Accountability Office study found more than half of the nations public school districts are located in counties that were officially declared disaster areas between 2017 and 2019. Warrens hard-earned knowledge will prove increasingly useful to other fire-threatened rural communities in the west.

Now we have our story, Warren said, and were able to help others.

Colleen Hagerty is an independent multimedia journalist specializing in disaster coverage. Her reporting digs into the policies, politics, technologies and cultural forces that shape the impacts of natural hazards on communities.

Find other stories in this series here.

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She thought Covid-19 was the worst thing to happen to her schools. Then the fire came - The Guardian US

New Covid-19 booster shots arriving in Illinois this week – FOX 32 Chicago

September 6, 2022

New Covid-19 booster shots arriving in Illinois this week

The Illinois Department of Public Health is urging everyone who is eligible to get the updated Covid-19 booster shot to do so.

CHICAGO - Illinois Comptroller Susana Mendoza remains in isolation after she tested positive for Covid-19.

Mendoza canceled Mondays appearances at the Rock Island and Moline Labor Day parades, and is postponing an address she was supposed to give this week on Illinois financial health until September 14.

Meanwhile, 580,000 doses of the updated Covid-19 vaccine are expected to be distributed in the next week across Illinois.

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The Illinois Department of Public Health is urging everyone who is eligible to get the updated Covid-19 booster shot to do so.

Pfizer's shot is for people who are 12 and older, and Modernas shot is for those 18 and older.

For those who are up-to-date on their Covid vaccinations, the updated booster should be the fourth, fifth, or sixth shot depending on your age and health status.

For more information, visit the state health departments website.

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New Covid-19 booster shots arriving in Illinois this week - FOX 32 Chicago

Study suggests loss of smell and brain inflammation are independent in COVID-19 – News-Medical.Net

September 6, 2022

In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv* preprint server, researchers assessed the association between neuroinvasion and anosmia observed during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

In the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, anosmia was a defining feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, with the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), the profile manifested by SARS-CoV-2 infection has evolved, and anosmia is now less common. The neuropathogenesis of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 has been the subject of extensive research, but yet little is known about the variants' potential for neuropathology.

In the present study, researchers estimated the clinical, olfactory, and inflammatory impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain and SARS-CoV-2 Gamma, Delta, and Omicron/BA.1 variants.

The team assessed how different SARS-CoV-2 VOCs affected the clinical manifestations of infection compared to the ancestral Wuhan strain. In Vero-E6 cells, the researchers examined the in vitro growth curves of these viruses. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan or the VOCs Gamma, Delta, or Omicron/BA.1 were administered intranasally to male golden hamsters, and the subjects were observed for four days after infection (dpi). The nasal turbinates and lower airways were assessed for viral titers and ribonucleic acid (RNA) loads in the lungs. The team also evaluated the impact of infection on the olfactory bulbs after determining the clinical and inflammatory profile of the infected animals.

All of the SARS-CoV-2-infected animals showed a progressive loss of weight. This effect was particularly noted in SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-infected animals that displayed the most severe median weight loss, followed by the Gamma-infected animals, the Delta-infected animals, and the Omicron/BA.1-infected animals. SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-infected animals had the worst clinical profile, followed by Gamma- and Delta-infected animals, while Omicron/BA.1-infected animals displayed a delayed manifestation of mild symptoms, clinically detectable only at four dpi. Non-specific illness-related clinical signs such as ruffled fur, slow movement, and apathy followed the same pattern.

Only 12.5% of Gamma-infected mice fully lost their ability to smell, while 62.5% of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-infected animals showed signs of olfactory impairment. The rats that were infected with Delta and Omicron/BA.1, however, did not exhibit any olfactory impairment. Regardless of the infecting variant, infectious viruses were found in the lungs and nasal turbinates of all infected hamsters.

The impact of the infecting variant was, however, noted in the Gamma-infected animals that had the highest viral titers and the Omicron/BA.1-infected animals having the lowest. Notably, Delta-infected animals had the highest viral load. Genomic and sub-genomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA were found to be in equal measures in the lungs of all infected animals but in different amounts in the nasal turbinates.

All VoCs responded to the infection in the upper and lower airways, but each one did so with a tissue-specific inflammatory signature. This was observed in the lungs where all VoCs elevated MX dynamin-like guanosine triphosphatase (Mx2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Il-10, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), with the level in SARS-COV-2 Wuhan-infected animals being the highest.

Interferon beta (IFN-) and Il-6 gene expression in the nasal turbinates showed the highest values in animals infected with SARS-COV-2 Wuhan. The lowest values were in animals infected with Omicron/BA.1. Animals infected with Delta had the highest levels of Mx2, Cxcl10, and IL-10 expression, whereas those infected with Omicron/BA.1 had the lowest levels.

The prevalence of olfactory dysfunctions varied depending on the VoC, with hamsters infected with Delta and Omicron/BA.1 exhibiting no indications of anosmia. Notably, all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants could effectively enter the central nervous system (CNS) and infect the olfactory bulbs. The various VoCs can be distinguished based on spike mutations. Additionally, a few VoC isolates, including the Delta isolate used in this investigation, had deletions in the open reading frame (ORF)-7 region.

Interestingly, the clinical profile displayed by hamsters infected with Wuhan/D ORF7ab matched that of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, demonstrating that ORF7ab is not necessary for viral infection and replication. However, the incidence of olfaction loss significantly lowered, with 25% of the infected animals showing symptoms of anosmia, as opposed to the 62.5% of those infected with CoV-2/SARS-COV-2 Wuhan.

The study findings showed that all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the Wuhan, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron/BA.1 strains, are capable of invading the brain and causing inflammation, most likely via the olfactory bulbs. Regardless of how the disease manifests clinically, brain infection via the olfactory pathway appears to be a common trait of coronaviruses. Furthermore, this study showed that neuroinvasion and anosmia are separate processes after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

bioRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

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Study suggests loss of smell and brain inflammation are independent in COVID-19 - News-Medical.Net

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