Category: Corona Virus Vaccine

Global life expectancy the average number of years a person can expect to live from their time of birth dropped by 1.6 years at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, new research shows.

Global life expectancy had been on the rise until the pandemic struck, jumping from 49 years in 1950 to more than 73 years in 2019, according to the new study, published Tuesday (March 12) in the journal The Lancet. But between 2019 and 2021, this historical trend was reversed. This time frame captures the first two years of the pandemic, in which death rates peaked.

"For adults worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a more profound impact than any event seen in half a century, including conflicts and natural disasters," lead author Austin Schumacher, an acting assistant professor of health metric sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle, said in a statement.

In 2020 and 2021 combined, approximately 16 million people died either directly from COVID-19 or from the knock-on effects of the global outbreak, which included delays in seeking health care. This excess death toll reduced global life expectancy from 73.4 years in 2019 to below 71.8 years in 2021, with stark regional differences not reflected in these global averages.

The study presents updated mortality estimates from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study, which quantified global health trends across places and over time. In the work, researchers analyzed data from 204 countries and territories. Of these, only 32 showed an increase in life expectancy between 2019 and 2021. Those countries included Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Iceland, Ireland and Norway, which are all high-income countries.

Related: Rare clotting effect of early COVID shots finally explained what could that mean for future vaccines?

"Life expectancy declined in 84% of countries and territories during this pandemic, demonstrating the devastating potential impacts of novel pathogens," Schumacher said.

Among countries, Peru and Bolivia had some of the largest drops in life expectancy across all age groups from 2019 to 2021, according to the statement. In addition, Mexico City saw a particularly large drop compared with other subnational locations.

When the researchers looked at age groups separately instead of lumping them all together, they found that the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo had some of the highest excess mortality rates and largest life expectancy declines in the world. These provinces have relatively young populations whose data can skew the overall life expectancy averages, so parsing the data in this way can help reveal the true impact of COVID-19 on older groups, in particular.

Accounting for the age distribution of the population in a given location also revealed high excess mortality rates in Jordan and Nicaragua, where the death toll had previously been concealed by grouping all age categories together, according to the statement.

New Zealand, Barbados, and Antigua and Barbuda, on the other hand, had some of the lowest age-adjusted excess mortality rates from the pandemic, despite life expectancy declining between 2019 and 2021 in the two Caribbean countries.

According to the study authors' estimates, the pandemic caused global mortality to jump among all people over age 15, with a 22% increase in mortality for males and a 17% increase for females between 2019 and 2021. Child mortality, on the other hand, declined by 7% during the same period, with half a million fewer deaths among children under age 5 in 2021 compared with in 2019.

"Our study suggests that, even after taking stock of the terrible loss of lives the world experienced due to the pandemic, we have made incredible progress over 72 years since 1950, with child mortality continuing to drop globally," co-lead author Hmwe Kyu, an associate professor of health metric sciences at the University of Washington, said in the statement.

Although this global trend stayed on track, stark differences in child mortality rates persisted among regions. The highest rates were recorded in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, even after adjusting for mortality linked to the ongoing AIDS epidemic in these regions.

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COVID pandemic knocked 1.6 years off global life expectancy, study finds - Livescience.com

1. In this retrospective study, in patients with prolonged symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cognitive deficits lasting a year or longer were more likely to be reported.

2. The greatest associations with cognitive deficits were found in individuals affected by COVID-19 near the beginning of the pandemic and those hospitalized.

Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)

Study Rundown: Coronavirus disease has been implicated in having negative long-term effects such as brain fog and poor memory. In the present study, participants were tasked with completing eight cognitive tests on their devices. The cognitive aspects included immediate memory, two-dimensional mental manipulation, spatial working memory, spatial planning, verbal analogical reasoning, word definitions, information sampling, and delayed memory. Participants were separated into six groups based on their COVID-19 infection history, with category 1 meaning no COVID-19 up to category 6 meaning the presence of symptoms at least 12 weeks after infection began and had not resolved by the initiation of the cognitive assessment. Approximately 800,000 individuals aged 18 or older were invited to participate in the study by completing an online cognitive function assessment. To limit the amount of confounding, propensity-score matching was used. The studys results showed that COVID-19 infection was associated with longer-term cognitive defects. Furthermore, as the pandemic continued, the association between COVID-19 and cognitive losses decreased. The study could not assess causality as baseline cognitive data was not recorded, so cognitive change could not be measured. Overall, cognitive deficits had the strongest association with hospitalization, longer illness, and infection during the period of the original or alpha variant.

Click here to read the study in the NEJM

In-Depth [retrospective cohort]: This study included a total of 112,964 individuals who responded to an online survey. The multiple regression analysis found similar deficit results when comparing the resolved-symptoms groups with the no-COVID-19 group (e.g., in the group with resolved symptoms at <4 weeks, -0.23 SD [95% Confidence Interval [CI], -0.33 to -0.13]; and in the group with resolved symptoms at 12 weeks, -0.24 SD [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.12]). Participants who were infected with COVID-19 during either the original virus period or the alpha variant period had some of the greatest deficits in cognitive scores compared to those infected during a later variant (e.g., -0.17 SD for the alpha variant vs. the omicron variant; 95% [CI], -0.20 to -0.13). The greatest deficits were also seen when comparing the unresolved persistent symptom group to the no-COVID-19 group (-0.42 SD; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.31) and among those hospitalized for COVID-19 compared with those not hospitalized (e.g., intensive care unit admission, -0.35 SD; 9% CI, -0.49 to -0.20). Similar deficit results were found when comparing the resolved-symptoms groups with the no-COVID-19 group (e.g., in the group with resolved symptoms at <4 weeks, -0.23 SD [95% CI, -0.33 to -0.13]; and in the group with resolved symptoms at 12 weeks, -0.24 SD [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.12]). When compared to the no-COVID-19 group, the COVID-19 group with unresolved symptoms experienced a deficit in memory, reasoning, and executive function tasks (-0.33 to -0.20 SD). Overall, COVID-19 infection may lead to cognitive deficits persisting for a year or longer.

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Prolonged COVID-19 symptoms associated with cognitive deficits - 2 Minute Medicine

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For over 70 years, humanity enjoyed a steady climb in life expectancy. From a mere 49 years in 1950, the average person could expect to live over 73 years by 2019. But a new study published in The Lancet reveals a sobering setback. The COVID-19 pandemic has reversed this trend, causing a global decline in life expectancy.

The research, led by the University of Washington, analysed data from 204 countries. Life expectancy plummeted from 73.4 years in 2019 to 71.8 years in 2021 a direct consequence of the 16 million deaths attributed to COVID-19 or its ripple effects on healthcare access. This comes as a serious blow after researchers recently revealed that climate change could reduce our life expectancy by up to six months on average.

"The pandemic's impact on global life expectancy is unlike anything we've seen in the past 50 years," stated lead author Austin Schumacher. This decline surpasses the effects of wars and natural disasters.

While this paints a concerning picture, the impact wasn't evenly felt. High-income countries like Australia, New Zealand, and Japan actually saw a rise in life expectancy, likely due to their robust healthcare systems and effective pandemic measures. But places like Bolivia and parts of South Africa experienced some of the steepest declines, particularly among younger populations. This highlights how COVID's impact goes beyond overall life expectancy, disproportionately affecting specific demographics.

Accounting for age distribution revealed additional disparities. Jordan and Nicaragua, for instance, concealed a high death toll when data was lumped together. Conversely, New Zealand and some Caribbean nations had lower age-adjusted mortality rates despite declining life expectancy.

Meanwhile, despite the grim overall picture, there's a bright spot. The study found a 7% decrease in child mortality rates between 2019 and 2021, with half a million fewer deaths of children under 5.

"Even amidst this tragedy, we've made significant progress in reducing child mortality," remarked co-lead author Hmwe Kyu. However, stark regional disparities remain, with South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa still grappling with the highest rates.

This research sheds light on the pandemic's devastating toll and highlights the need for targeted interventions to protect vulnerable populations and ensure continued progress in child health.

**

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COVID-19 Pandemic Shaved Off Nearly 2 Years From Global Life Expectancy, Study Finds | Weather.com - The Weather Channel

German researchers have examined a hypervaccinated man they say received more than 200 coronavirus shots without any noticeable side effects or harm to his immune system.

Their findings, published Monday in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a medical journal, indicate that coronavirus vaccines have a good degree of tolerability, the researchers said, although they noted this was an isolated case of extraordinary hypervaccination.

The 62-year-old man came to researchers attention when German prosecutors opened up a fraud investigation, gathering evidence that he had obtained 130 coronavirus shots in a nine-month period far more than recommended by health authorities.

We learned about his case via newspaper articles, Kilian Schober, one of the studys authors, said in a statement. We then contacted him and invited him to undergo various tests. He was very interested in doing so.

The man agreed to provide blood samples, including new samples, the results from past blood tests and blood samples that had been frozen in recent years.

The man said he had received 217 vaccinations for private reasons. German authorities did not file criminal charges.

Going into the study, the researchers had speculated that having so many shots could cause his immune system to become fatigued. Vaccines create immune memory cells that are on standby, ready to rapidly activate the bodys defenses in the event of an infection.

But in fact, the researchers found that the man had more of these immune cells known as T-cells than a control group that had received the standard three-dose vaccine regimen. They also did not detect any fatigue in these cells, which they said were just as effective as those of people who had received a typical number of coronavirus shots.

Overall, we did not find any indication for a weaker immune response, rather the contrary, said Katharina Kocher, one of the lead authors of the study.

Even by the 217th vaccination, researchers say the shot still had an effect: The mans antibodies against the coronavirus increased significantly as a result. (Researchers say the man insisted on receiving another shot during the study. They took blood samples, which helped them determine how his immune system was responding.)

The researchers made it clear that despite their findings, they do not endorse hypervaccination as a strategy to enhance adaptive immunity.

Although they could not find any signs that the man had ever contracted the coronavirus, they said they werent able to establish a causal relationship between his hypervaccination regimen and avoiding infection.

More than 60 million people in Germany have been vaccinated against the coronavirus, and most of them have received several doses.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended last month that people 65 and older get a second dose of a coronavirus vaccine made available in the fall because they are at higher risk for severe disease from the virus.

Uptake since the CDC recommended that people age 5 and older get an updated vaccine has been low only about 22 percent of those 18 and older have received a dose of an updated vaccine. And only about 42 percent of those 65 and older have received a dose, The Washington Post previously reported.

Lena H. Sun contributed to this report

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German man vaccinated 217 times against covid with no ill effects - The Washington Post

Two years ago, German doctors stumbled across news reports of a man being investigated for receiving scores of coronavirus vaccines with no medical explanation.

Then followed a flurry of speculation about what he had been up to. As it turned out, prosecutors were looking into whether he had been receiving so many extra doses as part of a scheme to collect stamped immunization cards that he could later sell to people who wanted to skirt vaccine mandates.

But to the doctors, the man was a medical anomaly, someone who had defied official recommendations and turned himself into a guinea pig for measuring the outer limits of an immune response. Last year, they asked prosecutors investigating his vaccine splurge to pass along a request: Would he like to join a research project?

Once prosecutors closed their fraud investigation without criminal charges, the man agreed.

By the time the doctors first saw him, the 62-year-old man had received 215 doses of coronavirus vaccine, they said. Flouting their pleas to stop, he received another two shots in the next months, expanding his immunological stockpile to a combined 217 doses of eight different Covid vaccine types over two and a half years.

After months of studying him, the doctors, led by Dr. Kilian Schober, an immunologist at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in the German state of Bavaria, reported their findings this week in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, a medical journal.

The man had seemingly never been infected with the coronavirus. He reported no vaccine side effects. And, most interestingly to the researchers, his repertoire of antibodies and immune cells was considerably larger than that of a typical vaccinated person, even if the precision of those immune responses remained effectively unchanged.

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He Had 217 Covid Shots Without Side Effects, Study Finds - The New York Times

Vaccines and immunisation

German man, who said he had vaccines for private reasons, suspected of selling certificates to people who didnt want jab

A German man who voluntarily received 217 coronavirus jabs over 29 months showed no signs of having been infected with the virus that causes Covid-19 and had not suffered from any vaccine-related side effects, according to a study published in the medical journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The 62-year-old, from Magdeburg, Germany, whom doctors described as hypervaccinated, said he had had the large number of vaccines for private reasons, according to the researchers from University of Erlangen-Nuremberg who examined him.

According to the news magazine Spiegel, the mans vaccine spree had sparked a criminal investigation against him for suspected fraud, after suspicions he had run a scam to sell the vaccine certificates to people who did not want to get the jab.

The initial reports relating to the study, which gave scant information, had sparked widespread speculation, with suggestions that the man was suffering from paranoid hypochondria, that he possibly had a needle fixation, or he was a doctor who might have been administering vaccines to patients himself. There were also questions as to whether he had financed the jabs out of his own pocket, or received medical authorisation to receive them.

Later reports confirmed the criminal investigation against the man, who was accused of getting so many doses in order to be able to collect the stamped and signed vaccination cards, which could then be forged and sold on to people who did not want to be vaccinated and so faced extensive restrictions at the height of the pandemic.

A public prosecutor in Magdeburg had opened an investigation into the fraud allegations but no criminal charges were actually filed, authorities confirmed to the researchers.

The academics contacted the man after reading about him in a newspaper report. He accepted their request to study his bodys response to the multiple jabs.

We then contacted him and invited him to undergo various tests in Erlangen, Dr Kilian Schober said. He was very interested in doing so.

They vaccinated him for the 217th time for the purpose of the study, the researchers said.

The research team said it had seen official confirmation for 134 of the vaccinations, which included eight different vaccines, including various mRNA vaccines. They looked at previous blood tests the man had given over multiple years and also examined blood samples as he went on to receive further vaccines.

Confirmation of 130 of the vaccines, within a nine-month timeframe, came from the public prosecutors investigation against the man, Spiegel reported.

The observation that no noticeable side effects were triggered in spite of this extraordinary hypervaccination indicates that the drugs have a good degree of tolerability, Schober said.

The researchers found that his immune system was fully functional.

Certain immune cells and antibodies against the virus that causes Covid-19 (Sars-CoV-2) were present in considerably higher levels compared with people who had received just three vaccines, the team reported.

Overall, we did not find any indication for a weaker immune response, rather the contrary, said one of the leading study authors, Katharina Kocher.

Further tests showed the reaction of the mans immune system to other viruses remained unchanged proof, the researchers said, that his immune system had not been damaged by having to respond to so many vaccinations.

The researchers said that even though further details about the man or his motives would not be made public, he had effectively served the common good by demonstrating how well tolerated the vaccines generally are. However, they warned the public against following the mans example, saying that excessive vaccinations were not in general advisable and could cause unpleasant and unnecessary side effects. The fact that the man who never contracted the coronavirus tolerated so many jabs so well did not mean that would translate into the rest of the population.

Prof Dr Andreas Radbruch, an immunologist and president of the European Federation of the Immunological Associations of Experts (EFIS), who was not involved in the study, said that hypervaccination would not increase a persons protection beyond the point at which their immunological memory was satiated.

The vaccine is absorbed by the antibodies before it can trigger an immune response. Beyond a certain level of concentration of antibodies, the immune system closes off and no more new antibodies are made, he told German media. Once someone has enough antibodies, you cannot increase their protection with further vaccinations.

Germanys standing commission on vaccination, Stiko, advises that a persons basic immunity is reached after three episodes of contact with a pathogen, such as one vaccine and two infections, or vice versa. In Germany, those considered at risk and everyone over the age of 60 is advised to get a top-up coronavirus vaccine every autumn.

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Hypervaccinated man reportedly received 217 Covid jabs without side effects - The Guardian

COVID-19 vaccines have been key to controlling the pandemic, but researchers in Germany report on one man who took the vaccination message to the extreme.

The subject of the research published in Lancet Infectious Diseases is a 62-year-old man from Magdeburg, Germany who claims to have received 217 COVID-19 vaccinations within about 2.5 years. (German prosecutors confirmed he received 130 shots in nine months during an investigation into fraud; ultimately, they did not file criminal charges.)

It's not clear why the man wanted so many vaccinations or how he obtained them. But after reading news reports of the man's story, scientists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg (FAU) became intrigued and wanted to study how the vaccinations affected his immune system. The manwho told researchers he hadn't experienced side effects from his shotsvolunteered to provide blood and saliva samples to the scientists and allowed them to mine his health records so that they could better understand what effect aggressively stimulating the immune system with a COVID-19 vaccine might have. Even during this analysis, the man requested and received an additional two COVID-19 shots, against the advice of the study researchers.

The mans extreme vaccination history provided a unique opportunity for scientists to see whether hyper-vaccination would positively or negatively affect the immune system's ability to respond to pathogens like viruses. It was unclear in which direction the 200 vaccinations would go, says Dr. Kilian Schober, the study's lead author and group leader at the Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene in Erlangen at FAU. Would these shots enhance his immune response"like we want to see with multiple vaccinations and booster shots"or perhaps damage it?

Read More: Why Older Adults Need Another COVID-19 Shot

Schober and the team compared the mans immune responsesmeasured by his blood antibody levels, the first line of defense against a virus, and T cell levels, which are responsible for the body's longer-term responseto those of a control group of 29 people who had received three COVID-19 shots.

Based on how the immune system works, Schober and his team thought that the man's immune response might mirror that of people with chronic infections, such as HIV or hepatitis B. In those conditions, in which the immune system is constantly stimulated, immune cells can become overwhelmed and start to mount weaker responses.

But that's not what they found. The man's antibody levels and a type of T cell called effector T cells were six times higher than those in the control group on average. Those high levels proved that his immune response was strong.

However, his level of memory T cellswhich are responsible for remembering viruses that a person has been infected with and replenishing the immune system's overall T-cell populationwere about the same as those in the control group. It made sense, says Schober, since memory T cells are reactivated when the body sees the same virus again. "But it was intriguing for us to actually see it in the data.

According to repeated negative tests for COVID-19, which the researchers confirmed by the fact that that his immune system showed no sign that it had dealt with the virus yet, says Schober, the man was likely never infected with SARS-CoV-2. Schober cautions, however, against assuming that his hyper-vaccinated status was responsible for protecting him.

The researchers concluded that overall, while the man's excessive vaccination history increased his antibody levels and apparently protected him from infection, hyper-activating his immune system did not seem to have a negative effect on his ability to mount an adequate response. At the same time, his extreme measures did not seem to afford him a level of super-immunity that distinguished his response dramatically from others who followed the recommended vaccination schedule. His immune system was neither positively nor negatively affected," says Schober.

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A Man Got 217 COVID-19 Vaccines. Here's What Happened - TIME

Health

By Adriana Diaz

Published March 5, 2024, 8:24 p.m. ET

He followed the science and now the science is following him.

A 62-year-old man claiming to have received more than 200 COVID-19 vaccines is being studied by experts who say theyve been amazed by their findings thus far.

Analysis of the ber-cautious German, published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, found that the vaccines continued to create antigens and provide increased immunity even after an alleged 217 doses.

Researchers at Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg and Universittsklinikum Erlangen, Munich and Vienna approached the unnamed individual after hearing local media reports.

We contacted him and invited him to undergo various tests in Erlangen. He was very interested in doing so, said Dr. Kilian Schober from the Institute of Microbiology at Germanys University Hospital of Erlangen, said in a written statement.

The team found official evidence of 134 Covid-19 vaccines of eight different types over a nine-month period.

The shot-happy sexagenarian claims to have been inoculated 217 times over a 29-month span.

It is not known why the man received such a large number of vaccinations.

The public prosecutor in the German city of Magdeburg, where the study subject lived, opened a fraud investigation to investigate the mans claims, but never filed charges.

The eager participant provided the research team with blood and saliva samples that had been previously collected, along with new samples. He even insisted on getting more vaccinations after the team had contacted him and provided samples after those had been injected.

The highly-inoculated man did not report any side effects from the vaccinations.

However, the researchers did find that his immune system produced a large amount of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.

Over all, we did not find any indication for a weaker immune response, rather the contrary, Katharina Kocher, one of the leading authors of the study, said in the statement.

The team found that the mans immune system was fully functioning and showed signs of increased immunity against the coronavirus compared to those who received the more typical three rounds of vaccine.

Even the final jab included in the study which the man said was his 217th was found to create more antigens and boost immunity.

Researchers also did not find any evidence that the subject had ever contracted COVID-19.

This study was the first to show what effects hyper-vaccination would have on the immune system.

Vaccines contain a small dose or something similar to the virus its intended to protect against, allowing the body to recognize the pathogen and build a rapid and effective response, should it enter the body.

Some scientists had believed that hypervaccination would weaken the immune system and cause the bodys antigens to become accustomed to the virus making the vaccines less effective.

They were surprised to learn the reverse was true.

Despite the promising results, the experts do not recommend exceeding the recommended amount of vaccinations for any condition.

Current research indicates that a three dose vaccination, coupled with regular top-up vaccines for vulnerable groups, remains the favored approach. There is no indication that more vaccines are required, Dr. Schober said.

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Vax-happy 62-year-old gets COVID shot more than 200 times leaving scientists stunned - New York Post

A man in Germany went above and beyond to make sure he wouldnt get COVID-19, prompting scientists to study the effects of hyper-vaccination.

The 62-year-old man who allegedly received the COVID-19 vaccine 217 times within 29 months was the subject of a new study published by The Lancet Infectious Diseases journal. Researchers wanted to see how hyper-vaccination affected the body.

We learned about his case via newspaper articles, Dr. Kilian Schober from the Institute of Microbiology Clinical Microbiology shared in a news release. We then contacted him and invited him to undergo various tests in Erlangen. He was very interested in doing so.

Researchers from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, who conducted the study, said that vaccines contain parts of the virus pathogen in order to teach a persons cells how to protect themselves and recognize the virus in the future. However, they also noted that if the cells are exposed many times, that can also weaken the immune system and make it unable to combat the virus effectively.

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That may be the case in a chronic infection such as HIV or Hepatitis B, that has regular flare-ups, explains Schober. There is an indication that certain types of immune cells, known as T-cells, then become fatigued, leading to them releasing fewer pro-inflammatory messenger substances.

The researchers analyzed his blood test results taken over several years and also got their own fresh blood and saliva samples taken to determine exactly how the immune system reacts to the vaccination.

They found that the man had a larger number of T-effector cells, which fight against the virus, than people who have gotten the vaccine three times. The fighting cells were also found to be just as effective as those who received three vaccinations. The same went for the Memory T cells, which recall the virus.

The number of memory cells was just as high in our test case as in the control group, said Katharina Kocher, one of the leading authors of the study. Over all, we did not find any indication for a weaker immune response, rather the contrary.

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Their further tests found that the hyper-vaccination also didnt affect his immune systems response to other pathogens, leading them to determine that his immune system hasnt been damaged by all the vaccines.

However, researchers noted that this was just one case studied and that people who undergo the same thing may have different immune system responses, which is why they are keeping their recommendation to the general public of three COVID-19 vaccines.

Current research indicates that a three dose vaccination, coupled with regular top-up vaccines for vulnerable groups, remains the favored approach, they said in the release. There is no indication that more vaccines are required.

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Man Who Allegedly Received Over 200 COVID-19 Vaccinations Is Okay - PEOPLE

5 March 2024

A 62-year-old man from Germany has, against medical advice, been vaccinated 217 times against Covid, doctors report.

The shots were bought and given privately within the space of 29 months.

The man appears to have suffered no ill effects, researchers from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg say.

"We learned about his case via newspaper articles," Dr Kilian Schober, from the university's microbiology department, said.

"We then contacted him and invited him to undergo various tests in Erlangen. He was very interested in doing so."

The man provided fresh blood and saliva samples.

The researchers also tested some frozen blood samples of his that had been stored in recent years.

Dr Schober said: "We were able to take blood samples ourselves when the man received a further vaccination during the study at his own insistence.

"We were able to use these samples to determine exactly how the immune system reacts to the vaccination."

Evidence for 130 of the jabs was collected by the public prosecutor of the city of Magdeburg, who opened an investigation with the allegation of fraud, but no criminal charges were brought.

Covid vaccines cannot cause infection but can teach the body how to fight the disease.

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines work by showing the body's cells a bit of genetic code from the virus.

The immune system should then recognise and know how to fight Covid should they encounter it for real.

Dr Schober worried hyper-stimulating the immune system with repeated doses might have fatigued certain cells.

But the researchers found no evidence of this in the 62-year-old.

And there was no sign that he had ever been infected with Covid.

The researchers said: "Importantly, we do not endorse hyper-vaccination as a strategy to enhance adaptive immunity."

And the results of their tests on the 62-year-old were insufficient for making far-reaching conclusions, let alone recommendations for the general public.

"Current research indicates that a three-dose vaccination, coupled with regular top-up vaccines for vulnerable groups, remains the favoured approach," they say on the university's website.

"There is no indication that more vaccines are required."

The NHS says Covid vaccines are normally given seasonally but some people with a severely weakened immune system may need additional protection at other times - and it will contact those whose NHS record suggests may be eligible.

Covid vaccines can have side effects. A common one is a sore arm from the injection.

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German patient vaccinated against Covid 217 times - BBC.com