Category: Corona Virus Vaccine

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Health experts give green light to Janssen COVID jab, allay clotting concerns – UN News

March 20, 2021

In a virtual press conference from Geneva, SAGE hailed the one-dose Janssen shot produced by a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary - as a safe and lifesaving addition to the three other vaccines it has already approved for use: Pfizer, Moderna and AstraZeneca.

The expert panel also noted that clotting episodes - also known as hypercoagulable events - were a symptom of COVID-19, amid the suspension of the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine by several European countries, pending scientific review.

The world is in a place where there is insufficient supply to meet the requirements of people who need to be vaccinated; clearly, any of these vaccines are lifesaving products, said Dr. Kate OBrien, Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at the World Health Organization (WHO).

She insisted that the vaccines need to be used as quickly as we can get them deployed. People can have confidence in their safety and efficacy and in the quality of the manufacture of the products.

During trials for the Janssen vaccine involving nearly 44,000 people, 10 of the 22,000 people who received the blank dose developed a blood clot or thrombo-embolic events - while 14 of the remaining 22,000 who were inoculated, developed a clot.

This is about the same, for both groups said Dr Annelies Wilder-Smith, SAGE Technical Advisor. Theres a slight imbalance, but its still not statistically significant,

As for the vaccine itself, we have not seen it in a trial, theres no reason to think and no biological causability as far we understand now, that the vaccine could cause thrombo-embolic events itself. However, we have to be open for new events, and we have to take it seriously.

Dr Wilder-Smith explained that those recruited for vaccine testing were intentionally chosen because they were people who were at high risk of developing blood clots.

COVID really pre-disposes patients to a hypercoagulable state where indeed many of the deaths that we see in the severe cases are due to thrombo-embolic events, Dr Wilder-Smith said, ahead of an expected announcement by the European MedicinesAgency (EMA) on the issue on Thursday.

In a statement released on Wednesday specifically adressing the AstraZenica suspension by some European nations, the agency said it was "good practice" to investigate the possible linkages, that the benefits of the vaccine "outweigh its risks" and WHO "recommends that vaccinations continue."

The development comes amid a rise in new cases of coronavirus infection worldwide, increasing by 10 per cent in the past week, to more than three million new reported cases.

WHOreportedon Wednesday that after peaking in early January 2021 - when there were just under five million cases a week - new cases then declined to around 2.5 million in the week commencing 15 February 2021.

But the past three weeks have seen cases increasing again.

This week, the Americas and Europe continue to account for more than 80 per cent of new cases and new deaths, with rises in new cases in all regions - apart from Africa, where they remained the same as last week.

As of 17 March 2021, there have been 120,164,106 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 2,660,422 deaths,reportedto WHO.

More than 363,000,000 vaccine doses have been administered globally.

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Health experts give green light to Janssen COVID jab, allay clotting concerns - UN News

New York City marks anniversary of 1st COVID-19 death with memorial services – ABC News

March 15, 2021

Faces of lost New Yorkers projected on the Brooklyn Bridge.

March 15, 2021, 2:14 AM

7 min read

On March 14, 2020, New York City recorded its first death from the coronavirus, and in one year, that toll skyrocketed to over 30,000 lives lost -- more than 10 times the number of people killed on Sept. 11, 2001.

On Sunday, New Yorkers of all walks of life marked this grim anniversary with several events to honor and memorialize their fallen neighbors on some of the city's iconic locations.

Earlier in the afternoon, Lincoln Center premiered a music video featuring the Young People's Chorus of New York City performing "You'll Never Walk Alone," from the Rodgers & Hammerstein musical "Carousel."

In the evening, candles were lit around the fountains and stayed on for 30 minutes, one minute for every thousand New Yorker deaths.

Medical workers stand outside NYU Langone Health hospital as people applaud to show their appreciation to medical staff and essential workers on the front lines of the coronavirus pandemic on April 21, 2020 in New York City.

Later Sunday night, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio hosted a memorial service that streamed live and included photos and videos of New Yorkers who died.

"Voices from across the city will join as one to stand in solidarity and demonstrate how we remain strong, hopeful and determined," de Blasio said in a statement.

The New York Philharmonic played "Dectet" as black and white images of New Yorkers killed by the virus were projected onto the Brooklyn Bridge in a memorial service called "A COVID-19 Day of Remembrance."

Faces of victims of COVID-19 are projected onto the Brooklyn Bridge during a memorial service called "A COVID-19 Day of Remembrance" on March 14, 2021 in New York City. The event, which included a virtual performance by The New York Philharmonic, marked the day the first known coronavirus fatality was confirmed in the city.

Bishop Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship choir performed and more images were projected as spiritual leaders gave remarks and prayed for the victims.

Bishop Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship choir perform as images of COVID-19 victims are projected over the Brooklyn bridge as the city commemorates a COVID-19 "Day of Remembrance" in Brooklyn, New York, on March 14, 2021.

NYC 2021 Youth Poet Laureate Serena Yang recited an original poem that reflected on the deaths.

"A city that never sleeps is a city that never forgets," she said.

Carolina Juarez Hernandez, of East Harlem, wiped away tears as she spoke about losing her father to the virus.

She and the rest of her close family members were also diagnosed with the virus last March, but her father became severely ill, was hospitalized and eventually died.

Projections are seen on the Brooklyn Bridge, as part of "A COVID-19 Day of Remembrance" dedicated to the New Yorkers lost during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, in New York City, U.S. March 14, 2021.

Hernandez said she was not allowed to give her father one last hug before he passed in April.

"To this day I cannot remember when I hugged him the last time," she said.

Hernandez said that she and her family have been able to move on thanks to the support of her fellow New Yorkers and reassured people that they can get through the rest of the pandemic.

"I want anyone who has struggled to know you are never alone," she said.

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New York City marks anniversary of 1st COVID-19 death with memorial services - ABC News

Will I have to wear a mask after getting the Covid vaccine? The science explained – The Guardian

March 15, 2021

Public health authorities want people to keep wearing masks and social distancing, even after they receive a vaccine. This might seem counterintuitive after all, if someone gets a vaccine, arent they protected from the coronavirus?

The answer is complicated: the vast majority of people who are vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, vaccinated people may still be able to transmit the virus, even though they do not display any symptoms.

We know now the vaccines can protect, but what we havent had enough time to really understand is does it protect from spreading? said Avery August, professor of immunology at Cornell University.

That is because the the SARS-CoV-2 virus may still colonize the respiratory tract, even as systemic immune cells protect the overall body from the disease it causes Covid-19.

Here is how this works:

Hold on to your mask(s) for the foreseeable future. Right now, there are several unknowns, which make mask-wearing and social distancing important to protect the wider community.

First, scientists do not know how Covid-19 vaccines may protect against asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (as explained above). There are promising signs but research remains incomplete. Researchers also do not know how long Covid-19 vaccines may protect people from the virus.

Scientists will also be closely watching how evolutionary changes in the virus, or variants, impact the effectiveness of vaccines. Researchers have already found efficacy of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was reduced in South Africa, where the B1351 variant is present.

However, the most important factor may be the extent to which eligible adults accept the vaccine. Children are able to spread the disease, but not eligible for the vaccine; some people may be too immune-compromised to take it; and others may face bureaucratic barriers to vaccination.

Think of mask-wearing and social distancing as a continuum of risk-mitigation strategies, which are in place while scientists conduct research, more and more people get vaccinated, and the prevalence of Covid-19 goes down.

For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said people can gather indoors, without masks, with other fully vaccinated people. People are considered fully vaccinated two weeks after they receive their last vaccine. Those same people then need to be conscientious about social distancing and mask-wearing in public, as they could potentially transmit the disease in the wider community.

The hope is that as more and more of the public is vaccinated, fewer people will have severe cases of Covid-19, and the pressure on the health system will decline with the prevalence of the disease.

Hopefully we can get a majority of the population vaccinated, said Dr Bruce Y Lee, a professor of health policy at the City University of New Yorks School of Public Health. Thats when we can start talking about moving toward normal.

Studies on the extent to which vaccines protect against transmission are continuing, and promising, but incomplete. It is unlikely the vaccines will provide complete, or sterilizing, protection. Only a handful of vaccines are able to make that claim, including for example the smallpox vaccine. However, if a vaccine significantly reduced transmission, it would be very good news for the worlds ability to contain the virus.

Under normal circumstances, these kinds of questions might have been answered in years-long vaccine clinical trials. In this emergency situation, stopping the disease was a more important goal, and available vaccines do that very effectively.

We would probably know as more and more people get vaccinated, somewhere near the middle of September, said August.

Importantly though, vaccines do not necessarily need to provide complete protection to help fight the pandemic. If everyone is vaccinated then there is less virus around, said August.

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Will I have to wear a mask after getting the Covid vaccine? The science explained - The Guardian

Coronavirus vaccination scam calls reported in Bay and Saginaw counties – MLive.com

March 11, 2021

BAY CITY, MI - Phone scammers have been trying to take advantage of the ongoing COVID-19 vaccine distribution in Bay and Saginaw counties.

Residents in both counties have been receiving phone calls that try to get personal and sensitive information out of potential victims while pretending to be local health authorities.

Theyre asking people for social security numbers, bank account numbers nonsense that we would never ask anyone, said Bay County Health Department health officer Joel Strasz.

The Saginaw County Health Department also issued a statement on social media alerting the community about several calls it received about an imposter trying to get info out of residents.

The Saginaw County Health Department has received several calls today about someone posing as the health department, attempting to schedule for clinics, but asking for Medicare/Medicaid eligibility and other personal information. This is a scam, the department said in a statement. The health department and MDHHS will never ask for personal information other than confirmation of your name and age.

Strasz said that there are a few things to look for that can help you identify whats a legitimate call, such as making sure that the person identifies themselves as from the health department or the state.

They are not going to ask questions for social security numbers, theyre not going to ask questions for bank accounts, we make it pretty clear that theres no out-of-pocket expenses on this, he said. We might ask for insurance information, but most often if people have registered theyve already provided that information to us so we just confirm that with them.

Strasz added, You generally know from the conversation youre going to have whether or not its legitimate, and as the conversation goes if people start asking you for credit card information or bank account information, it is not a legitimate call.

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Coronavirus vaccination scam calls reported in Bay and Saginaw counties - MLive.com

When will children be able to get COVID-19 vaccines? – KHOU.com

March 8, 2021

Testing younger groups is more complex, because they may require a different dose or have differing responses.

When will children be able to get COVID-19 vaccines?

It depends on the child's age, but some teenagers could be rolling up their sleeves before too long.

The Pfizer vaccine already is cleared for use starting at age 16. That means some high schoolers could get in line for those shots whenever they become eligible in their area, either because of a medical condition or once availability opens up.

Pfizer and Moderna both have completed enrollment for studies of children ages 12 and older, and expect to release the data over the summer. If regulators clear the results, younger teens likewise could start getting vaccinated once supply allows. The Moderna vaccine is currently cleared for people 18 and older.

Researchers started with older children because they tend to respond to vaccines most similarly to adults. Testing even younger groups is more complex, because they may require a different dose or have differing responses.

Children are not just small adults, said pediatrician Dr. James Campbell of the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The younger you get, the higher the odds are that things could be different.

Children develop serious illness or die from COVID-19 at much lower rates than adults, but can still spread the virus.

Theres no question: we do want to immunize children, said Drexel University pediatrics professor Dr. Sarah Long.

Pfizer and Moderna expect to start studies in children 11 and younger later this year.

Its unlikely we could get community protection without immunizing children, Long added. This is the lynchpin to getting everything back to some kind of normalcy.

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When will children be able to get COVID-19 vaccines? - KHOU.com

What you need to know about the new Johnson & Johnson vaccine – WHYY

March 8, 2021

Where can I get the J&J vaccine in our region?

States and cities in our region received their first shipments at the end of last week. Delaware has received 8,000 doses. Pennsylvania has received 94,000 doses, and pharmacies in the state were allocated another 30,000. Philadelphia, which receives its own allocation, has received 13,000 doses. New Jersey has received about 75,000 doses.

The states do not expect another shipment for at least three weeks.

Delaware operated mass vaccination sites over the weekend in Delaware City and Seaford for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. Five thousand doses were earmarked for people over 65 who were already on the states vaccine waiting list. Wilmington Veterans Affairs Medical Center also began administering it over the weekend. Supply of this vaccine is currently limited, and its not known how the federal government will allocate it to the state, pharmacies, and other providers.

Philadelphia will allocate the Johnson & Johnson vaccine to hospitals and community providers that can administer it to hard-to-reach populations. Pennsylvania school districts are working with the National Guard to set up vaccination sites for teachers and staff.

In New Jersey, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine will be distributed to places such as Acme, ShopRite, and Wegmans supermarket pharmacies, as well as independent pharmacies in the most vulnerable communities. Hospitals will use the vaccine in emergency rooms, which often see vulnerable populations.

Wherry, from the University of Pennsylvania, said members of the public should not get too caught up with registering for one particular vaccine, and should accept whatever they can get.

Its much more important to get vaccinated than pick your type of vaccine based on something youve heard, he said. Right now, the scientific data is that all three of these vaccines are excellent, they will all protect you from the most severe consequences from disease, from being hospitalized, they will likely all prevent you from spreading disease and allow you to get back to more normal activities sooner.

Will authorization of the J&J vaccine help speed up the process?

Officials say theyre hopeful the Johnson & Johnson vaccine will speed up the process because it requires only one dose. The Biden administration announced Wednesday that it anticipated there would be enough vaccines for all adults in the United States by the end of May as opposed to the end of July, the previous forecast.

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines require two doses, which can take about six weeks to complete. In addition, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine has simpler storage requirements, which means it can be distributed to much wider geographic locations.

A single dose also could mean a much simpler distribution process, because providers dont have to worry about follow-up and tracking patients, or run the risk of giving someones second dose to the wrong person.

What about side effects?

Side effects are slightly milder and less commonly reported than with the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. The most common side effects are fever and fatigue.

I think its important to distinguish side effects from adverse events. Adverse events are things a drug causes that are unintended and are usually detrimental. The adverse-event profile of all these vaccines is excellent. Its very infrequent that someone has an allergic reaction to Pfizer and Moderna, Wherry said. He stressed that these vaccines are, in fact, designed to produce side effects.

The side effects that were seeing with the vaccination are a reflection of your immune response working. It doesnt necessarily mean stronger side effects are giving you better protection from disease. But it does tell you that your immune response is engaged and is starting to do something in response to the vaccination.

Wherry added that when you have chills and a fever for 24 hours, its not pleasant, but it is a sign your immune response is responding to the vaccine and an indicator that youre generating lasting antibodies that will protect you in the future.

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What you need to know about the new Johnson & Johnson vaccine - WHYY

People who have had COVID-19 might need only one shot of a coronavirus vaccine – Science News Magazine

March 6, 2021

People who have already had COVID-19 even if they didnt show symptoms may be able to get away with just a single dose of a two-dose coronavirus vaccine, a study of health care workers suggests.

Researchers tested for antibodies in the blood of 59 health care workers who got vaccinated with either the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines. Some of the volunteers had COVID-19 eight to nine months before vaccination.

Their bodies remembered it, no problem, and reacted very quickly to the vaccine, says Mohammad Sajadi, an infectious disease doctor at the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. After the first vaccine dose, antibody levels quickly shot up in people who previously had COVID-19 either with or without symptoms to more than 500 times the levels seen in people who were never infected.

Those results, published March 1 in JAMA, suggest that people who have had COVID-19 could get one shot or be moved to the end of the line for vaccinations. An estimated 9 percent of people in the United States have had confirmed cases of COVID-19. Limiting those people to one dose of vaccine could free up 4 to 5 percent of vaccine doses, Sajadi says.

Immunologically it makes sense, he says. With the ongoing pandemic and vaccine shortages, it makes sense, too. The cost of inaction is just too great not to spare vaccine doses where possible.

Scientists and journalists share a core belief in questioning, observing and verifying to reach the truth. Science News reports on crucial research and discovery across science disciplines. We need your financial support to make it happen every contribution makes a difference.

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People who have had COVID-19 might need only one shot of a coronavirus vaccine - Science News Magazine

"Corona Virus Vaccine Market Size is Projected to reach 75.75 Billion by end of 2021, Says Brandessence Market Research" – PR Newswire India

March 6, 2021

PUNE, India, March 2, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The Global Demand for global corona virus vaccine market in terms of revenue was worth of USD 0.37 Billion in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 75.75 Billion in 2021. The global corona virus vaccine market is expected to grow at significant growth rate due to number of driving factors.

The study provides a crucial view of global corona virus vaccine market by segmenting the market based on infection type, vaccine type and region & country level. Based on infection, the corona virus vaccine market is segmented into HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HKU1-CoV, NL63, MERS-CoV, New Haven CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Based on vaccine type, the market is segmented into S-protein based coronavirus vaccine, live attenuated coronavirus vaccine, inactivated coronavirus vaccine, MRNA vaccine and DNA-based vaccine. The regions covered in global virus testing diagnostic kits market are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. On the basis of country level, global virus testing diagnostic kits market is sub divided into U.S., Canada, U.K., France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, India, South East Asia, Brazil, Mexico, GCC, Africa, etc.

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Key Companies Covered in the Corona Virus Vaccine market: Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Moderna, Inc., Protein Potential, LLC, Novavax, Inc., Synairgen PLC, AlphaVax, Inc., NanoViricides, Inc., Zydus Cadila, Bravovax, GeoVax, Altimmune, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, CanSino Biologics, Vaxart, Vaxil Bio Ltd

When most people in a community are vaccinated against a disease, the ability of the pathogen to spread is limited as vaccines can prevent infectious diseases. It greatly reduces the risk of infection by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens such as viruses or bacteria. As Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus i.e. SARS-CoV-2, which has spread rapidly throughout the world and in March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. This pandemic has severely weakened health systems & economic and social progress globally. While countries, have taken strong measures to cover the spread of COVID-19 through better diagnostics and treatment, the coronavirus vaccines will provide a lasting solution by enhancing immunity and containing the disease spread. In response to the pandemic, the vaccine development process has been fast-tracked, as these vaccines safely deliver an immunogen which is a specific type of antigen that produces a resistant response for training the immune system to recognize the pathogen when it is come across naturally. There are many different COVID-19 vaccines are at development stage because it is not yet known which ones will be effective and safe. In April 2020; the access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator was launched to speed up development & delivery to countries of diagnostics, treatments and vaccines.

Factors such as the present coronavirus outbreak, increasing healthcare expenditures, growing concerns regarding Corona virus outbreaks at regular intervals and the growing need to protect populations across the globe from known as well as unencountered virus strains are expected to drive the growth of the market. For example; the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was officially named as COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization and has spread to more than 180 countries and the pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health. And, as of February 16th, 2021, India has about 10925710 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and globally, there are about 10,91,51,283 confirmed COVID-19 cases across 192 counties which has led to about 24,07,688 deaths.

In addition, health financing is necessary to the ability of health systems to maintain & improve human welfare and as there is a rapid growth in cases of COVID-19, which has challenged national healthcare capacity, testing systems at an advanced ICU and public health infrastructure level to develop the preventive measure for the pandemic. Thus, many regional governments are taking so many efforts and spending much more expenditures to develop a vaccine. For instance; on February 11th, U.S. President Joe Biden announced his administration has secured about 200 million more doses of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines i.e. about 50% increase and also the Biden administration plans to deliver more doses directly to drugstores & pharmacies to speed up delivery of vaccine as part of about $1.9 trillion COVID-19 rescue plan. Hence, increasing healthcare expenditure for corona vaccine is also driving the growth of global coronavirus vaccine market. Moreover, increasing research & development for the corona vaccine may boost the growth of global coronavirus vaccine market growth within the forecast period. However, time required for each stage of clinical trials of vaccine and high costs associated with research & development of vaccines and drugs may hamper the market growth.

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Global Coronavirus Vaccine Market: Market Player Analysis

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Moderna, Inc., Protein Potential, LLC, Novavax, Inc., Synairgen PLC, AlphaVax, Inc., NanoViricides, Inc., Zydus Cadila, Bravovax, GeoVax, Altimmune, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, CanSino Biologics, Vaxart, Vaxil Bio Ltd

Geographically, North America region is expected to dominate the coronavirus vaccine market. This is due to increasing research & development activities for corona virus vaccine in the region and presence of major players such as Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Moderna, Inc. and Novavax, Inc. & among others, in this region. For instance, according to springer nature limited; Most COVID-19 vaccine development activity is in North America, with about 36 i.e. 46% of developers of the confirmed active vaccine candidates compared with about 14 (18%) in China, about 14 (18%) in Asia (excluding China) and Australia and about 14 (18%) in Europe. Also, on April 08, 2020, Novavax, Inc. Company has announced that it has identified a coronavirus vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373 and it will initiate a first-in-human trial in Mid-May of 2020.

Moreover, Europe is at second position in dominance and this is due to huge demand for coronavirus vaccine due to diverse coronavirus outbreaks in the current past, the presence of major players in countries in the region and rising investments in R&D activities, along with strong support from the government. For instance; on February 17th, 2021- Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE announced an agreement with the European Commission (EC) to supply an additional about 200 million doses of COMIRNATY-the companies' COVID-19 Vaccine to the 27 European Union (EU) member states. This new agreement is in addition to about 300 million doses which have already been committed to the EU through 2021 under the first supply agreement signed last year. The additional 200 million doses are expected to be delivered in 2021, with an estimated about 75 million to be supplied in the second quarter. So, the total number of doses to be delivered to the EU member states by the end of 2021 is about 500 million, with the potential to increase to about 600 million based on the option granted in the new agreement.

Global Market Trends of Corona Virus Vaccine.

In recent years, scientists and leading organizations are developing more than 110 vaccines by using wide range of techniques some of which are never been approved for medical purpose before and some of which are already well established. There are two sectors among the newest approaches for corona virus vaccine development that are viral vectors and RNA vaccines. These approaches are implementing for COVID-19 widely for numerous reasons such as their speed of development, scale and manufacturing fit as well as small dose size, all of which are highly desirable features for a rapid pandemic response. Both RNA and viral vectored vaccines have advents from doing investments in cell and gene therapies over the last 10 to 20 years. Some of the major trends in the global coronavirus vaccine market are.

A) Inactivated and Live Attenuated Vaccines:

Nowadays, almost all vaccines in use integrate an activated or weakened form of virus that is not able to cause diseases. When immune cells find out that they can make antibodies and these types of vaccines mainly contain selected viral proteins or inactivated viruses. These are pathogens that can be killed. The dead viruses can no longer multiply, but the body still determines them as intruders therefore, the body's defense system capable that antibodies are produced. The vaccinated individual does not develop the disease. This method utilizes based on tried and tested technology and it is already used in vaccines against diseases such as influenza, polio, whooping cough, hepatitis B, and tetanus.

Inactivated vaccines use a pathogen that can be modified so that it cannot replicate to stimulate individual immune system. They are safe because they cannot cause any type of diseases, but at the same time booster doses are particularly required. The inactivation approach includes heat, radiation or chemicals to eliminate the pathogen's genetic material, which stops it from replicating. Inactivated vaccines can trigger a strong immune reaction, but it is not as advantageous as reaction that live attenuated vaccines can produce. Owing to this reason, a person may need booster shots to ensure ongoing protection. The COVID-19 vaccines that Bharat Biotech, Sinovac and Sinopharm, have developed are inactivated vaccines. For example; Scientists at the private company Sinovac developed an activated COVID-19 vaccine called as CoronaVac, on the other hand, Bharat Biotech and the Indian Council of Medical Research co developed Covaxin.

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B) Genetic vaccines:

The gene-based vaccines include pure genetic information in the form of coronavirus DNA or mRNA type. Individual parts of genetic information from the pathogen are packed into nanoparticles and introduced into another cells. Once the vaccine is given inside the body, it should form harmless viral proteins that deliver strong immune protection.

o DNA Based Vaccine:

Many experimental vaccines do not give whole viruses. Instead, they offer genetic instructions for creating a viral protein. The protein can stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and help in defensing against other coronaviruses. This method is known as a DNA vaccine. For example; the biotechnology company Inovio pharmaceuticals has previously developed experimental vaccines against MERS-CoV (INO-4700) and is evaluating a DNA vaccine against COVID-19. From the new study, comparing the immunogenicity of two investigational DNA based COVID 19 vaccines, researchers or scientists has shown the results that both prototypes induced potent immune response in mice. According to the scientists, their vaccines are based on a DNA-launched self-amplifying RNA (DREP) platform which is inexpensive, stable and also easy to produce and have a good safety profile.

o RNA Based Vaccine:

From the last few years, new technological innovation and research investment have enabled mRNA to become the milestone as a therapeutic tool in the fields of corona virus vaccine development. For example; the mRNA-1273 was the first mRNA vaccine which is developed by Moderna to be designed to fight against COVID-19 and has gained a time record of 63days from vaccine design to human trials. RNA vaccines hold more benefits including faster, cheaper, more adaptable and easier to volume produce than other vaccines. For example; BioNTech and Pfizer Company launched a coordinated program to compare RNA based COVID-19 vaccine candidates in clinical studies conducted in Germany and the United States. The program was arranged to support the selection of a single vaccine candidate and dose level for a pivotal international safety and efficacy trial purpose.

C) Viral Vector Vaccine:

Viral vectors use modified viruses as boosters to access genetic and cellular material are one of the most commonly deployed tools in the search for a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, scientists are increasingly using viral vector vaccines in therapeutics research well before the coronavirus pandemic, due to their use in gene therapy and cell therapy has proven to be effective. Now, those same applications are being repurposed to develop a coronavirus vaccine. These vaccines use a well-established inactivated or killed viral vector including adenovirus to evaluate proteins of SARS COV2, so that proteins can be determined by individual immune system to produce an immune response.

Synthetic biology is a field of science which consists of redesigning of organisms for useful purposes with the help of engineering technique for making new abilities. synthetic biology market in terms of revenue was estimated to be USD 7.54 Billion in 2019 and is expected to reach USD 34.51 Billion in 2026, growing at a CAGR of 21.9% from 2020 to 2026.

Continued Corona Virus Vaccine Research Report

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"Corona Virus Vaccine Market Size is Projected to reach 75.75 Billion by end of 2021, Says Brandessence Market Research" - PR Newswire India

Who should skip the second shot of coronavirus vaccine? Weve got answers – cleveland.com

March 4, 2021

CLEVELAND, Ohio Readers have questions related to the second COVID-19 vaccine shot, especially if people who have recovered should get the second shot, and about allergic reactions and side effects.

Were providing answers from health care experts.

If you have specific questions concerning how a pre-existing condition or pregnancy may affect your ability to take the COVID-19 vaccine, please ask your primary care physician. Find out if you can ask questions via email, or arrange for a telehealth visit to get your concerns taken care of.

Q: Should individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 get the vaccine? Do they need both shots?

A: Health experts say its beneficial and safe for people who had COVID-19 to also get the vaccine.

The protection that comes from recovering from COVID-19 is called natural immunity, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It happens because the body has created antibodies against the coronavirus, and those antibodies help protect against subsequent infections.

A vast majority of people infected with COVID-19 produce at least some antibodies. The vaccine will boost the natural immune response already in place from having recovered from the illness, health experts say.

The immune response from natural infection has a range, while the vaccine produces a measurable and predictable immune response. This is another reason why people with natural immunity should still be immunized.

Here is an explanation of why both shots of the Moderna or Pfizer vaccines are important.

People with COVID-19 antibodies may have a low risk of being reinfected, suggests a new study from the National Cancer Institute.

One-shot vaccine for survivors?

A new study suggests that those who have had COVID-19 may need only one shot of the vaccine for protection from future infections. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two shots, given a few weeks apart.

The study, published in January, found that coronavirus survivors had far higher antibody levels after receiving two doses of the vaccine when compared to those who did not contract COVID-19. The study also found that people who previously had coronavirus were more likely to have side effects, including headaches, muscle aches and chills, after receiving their first vaccine shot.

A new study suggests that one shot of the Pfizer vaccine provides significant protection after one dose.

Q: How soon after recovery can people who had COVID-19 receive the vaccine? Should they wait for 90 days?

A: The CDC recommends waiting 90 days to get the COVID-19 vaccine if a person recovered from a COVID-19 infection and was treated with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma.

Interactions between those treatment methods and the COVID-19 vaccines have not yet been studied, the CDC said.

People who tested positive for the illness, having only mild symptoms and not treated for the coronavirus, should wait until their doctor-recommended isolation period is over before getting the vaccine.

Q: If you have had the first vaccine dose without any allergic reaction, can you have an allergic reaction with the second dose?

A: There is a difference between an allergic reaction, and side effects. A severe allergic reaction requires treatment with epinephrine or hospitalization, according to the CDC.

Some people have a non-severe, immediate allergic reactions, such as wheezing, hives and swelling within four hours of being vaccinated.

People who experience a severe or non-severe allergic reaction from the first vaccine dose should not get the second shot, according to the CDC.

A CDC study published in January showed that between Dec. 14 and Dec. 23, 2020, there were 21 cases of anaphylaxis after the administration of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (11.1 cases per million doses). Of these cases, 71% of these occurred within 15 minutes of vaccination.

This article by the Cleveland Clinic goes into more detail about the vaccines and allergic reactions.

If you get a red, itchy, swollen, or painful rash on the arm where you got the shot, you have COVID arm. If the first shot gives you a rash, you should still get the second shot at the recommended time, the CDC recommends. Try getting the second shot in the opposite arm.

Here is a story discussing why COVID arm isnt dangerous and why people who get it should receive their second dose of the vaccine.

Side effects vs. allergic reactions

Side effects from the vaccines injection site pain, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, and redness at the injection site are expected for people who have had and have not had COVID-19.

The Clinics website addresses vaccine side effects, and if side effects are worse if a person has recovered from COVID-19.

Q: Does the lack of significant reaction from the second dose of vaccine indicate the vaccine is less effective?

A: Many people feel mild side effects, such as soreness at the injection site and low fever, after receiving the vaccine. But the lack of side effects is not an indication that the vaccine isnt working for you

Q: Should I take a PCR or antigen test to determine if the vaccine was effective?

A: The CDC doesnt promote antibody testing in order to find out who has immunity after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Commercial antibody tests may not search for the same antibodies that the vaccine produces. Someone who has been immunized and is immune to the virus may still test negative for certain antibodies, health experts said.

In clinical trials, the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines protected against the coronavirus 95% of the time and 94% of the time, respectively. But that does not mean everyone who gets the vaccine would test positive for antibodies, health experts said.

Here is another story discussing why you shouldnt get a COVID-19 antibody test after vaccination.

Your coronavirus vaccine questions answered:

How will local drug stores keep the coronavirus vaccine on site if it needs to be cold? How will they avoid waste?

If Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are for people 16 and older, what does that mean for children? What about minors with pre-existing conditions?

Should cancer patients get the coronavirus vaccine?

Can you request one coronavirus vaccine if you have concerns about the other?

Should you get the coronavirus vaccine if youve had a bad reaction to the flu shot?

Are you contagious if you have side effects from the COVID-19 vaccine?

Can you mix and match two doses of coronavirus vaccine from different manufacturers?

Can I still get my second dose of coronavirus vaccine if I develop COVID-19 symptoms after the first?

Should you get the second vaccine if you contract COVID-19 after your first coronavirus vaccine dose?

Will your COVID-19 vaccine be less effective if you need to wait longer for the second dose?

If the coronavirus vaccine is 95% effective, how will you know if youre in the other 5%?

Why do I need to keep a mask on if Ive been vaccinated for coronavirus?

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Who should skip the second shot of coronavirus vaccine? Weve got answers - cleveland.com

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