Immunological mechanisms of the nucleocapsid protein in COVID-19 | Scientific Reports – Nature.com

Lai, C.-C., Shih, T.-P., Ko, W.-C., Tang, H.-J. & Hsueh, P.-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55, 105924 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. & Shi, Z.-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 141154 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Pfortmueller, C. A., Spinetti, T., Urman, R. D., Luedi, M. M. & Schefold, J. C. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatmentA narrative review. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 35, 351368 (2021).

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Lin, L., Lu, L., Cao, W. & Li, T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infectiona review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9, 727732 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Edalat, F. et al. Delving into revolutionary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches: Molecular and virological examinations; principles of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform. Vacunas https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacun.2023.08.002 (2023).

Article Google Scholar

Baruah, C., Devi, P. & Sharma, D. K. Sequence analysis and structure prediction of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins 9b and ORF14: Evolutionary analysis indicates close relatedness to bat coronavirus. Biomed. Res. Int. 2020, 7234961 (2020).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Kakavandi, S. et al. Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: Potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases. Cell Commun. Signal. 21, 110 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Jawad, B., Adhikari, P., Podgornik, R. & Ching, W.-Y. Key interacting residues between RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor: Combination of molecular dynamics simulation and density functional calculation. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 61, 44254441 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Bai, Z., Cao, Y., Liu, W. & Li, J. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and its role in viral structure, biological functions, and a potential target for drug or vaccine mitigation. Viruses 13, 1115 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Pan, P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation. Nat. Commun. 12, 4664 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Chen, K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interacts with RIG-I and represses RIG-mediated IFN- production. Viruses 13, 47 (2020).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Luo, L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein phase separates with G3BPs to disassemble stress granules and facilitate viral production. Sci. Bull. 66, 11941204 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Wang, S. et al. Targeting liquidliquid phase separation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein promotes innate antiviral immunity by elevating MAVS activity. Nat. Cell Biol. 23, 718732 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Li, C., He, Q., Qian, H. & Liu, J. Overview of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Exp. Ther. Med. 22, 110 (2021).

Google Scholar

Singh, R., Letai, A. & Sarosiek, K. Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 175193 (2019).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Thompson, M. R., Kaminski, J. J., Kurt-Jones, E. A. & Fitzgerald, K. A. Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection. Viruses 3, 920940 (2011).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Loo, Y.-M. & Gale, M. Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 34, 680692 (2011).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Znaidia, M., Demeret, C., van der Werf, S. & Komarova, A. V. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 evasion: Interferon pathway and therapeutic options. Viruses 14, 1247 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Kim, Y.-M. & Shin, E.-C. Type I and III interferon responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exp. Mol. Med. 53, 750760 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Wang, Y. C. et al. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, rather than spike protein, triggers a cytokine storm originating from lung epithelial cells in patients with COVID-19. Infection https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02142-4 (2023).

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Shuaib, M. et al. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid 203K/204R mutations on the inflammatory immune response in COVID-19 severity. Genome Med. 15, 54 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Apte, A. & Singh, S. AlleleID: A pathogen detection and identification system. Methods Mol. Biol. 402, 329346 (2007).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547 (2018).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Ivanisenko, N. V., Seyrek, K., Kolchanov, N. A., Ivanisenko, V. A. & Lavrik, I. N. The role of death domain proteins in host response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection: Modulation of programmed cell death and translational applications. Cell Death Discov. 6, 101 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Wang, W., Chen, J., Yu, X. & Lan, H.-Y. Signaling mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein in viral infection, cell death and inflammation. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 18, 4704 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Mu, J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein antagonizes type I interferon signaling by suppressing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2. Cell Discov. 6, 65 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Mogensen, T. H. & Paludan, S. R. Molecular pathways in virus-induced cytokine production. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65, 131150 (2001).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Pan, P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein enhances the anti-apoptotic activity of MCL-1 to promote viral replication. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 115 (2023).

CAS Google Scholar

Liang, C., Oh, B.-H. & Jung, J. U. Novel functions of viral anti-apoptotic factors. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 712 (2015).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Park, M. H. & Hong, J. T. Roles of NF-B in cancer and inflammatory diseases and their therapeutic approaches. Cells 5, 15 (2016).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Ren, Y. et al. SARS-CoV-2 membrane glycoprotein M triggers apoptosis with the assistance of nucleocapsid protein N in cells. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 706252 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Wang, W. et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein induces acute kidney injury via Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. Adv. Sci. 9, 2103248 (2022).

Article MathSciNet CAS Google Scholar

Yuen, C.-K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and orf6 function as potent interferon antagonists. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9, 14181428 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Neufeldt, C. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine response through cGAS-STING and NF-B. Commun. Biol. 5, 45 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Freitas, R. S., Crum, T. F. & Parvatiyar, K. SARS-CoV-2 spike antagonizes innate antiviral immunity by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 1350 (2022).

Article Google Scholar

Banerjee, A. et al. Experimental and natural evidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection-induced activation of type I interferon responses. IScience 24, 102477 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Shemesh, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 suppresses IFN production mediated by NSP1, 5, 6, 15, ORF6 and ORF7b but does not suppress the effects of added interferon. PLoS Pathog. 17, e1009800 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Kasuga, Y., Zhu, B., Jang, K.-J. & Yoo, J.-S. Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies. Exp. Mol. Med. 53, 723736 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Oh, S. J. & Shin, O. S. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein targets RIG-I-like receptor pathways to inhibit the induction of interferon response. Cells 10, 530 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Gori Savellini, G., Anichini, G., Gandolfo, C. & Cusi, M. G. SARS-CoV-2 N protein targets TRIM25-mediated RIG-I activation to suppress innate immunity. Viruses 13, 1439 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Feng, K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 interacts with host IRF3, blocking antiviral immune responses. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28881 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Yoo, J.-S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 inhibits induction of the MHC class I pathway by targeting the STAT1-IRF1-NLRC5 axis. Nat. Commun. 12, 6602 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Olagnier, D. & Lin, R. Host and viral modulation of RIG-I-mediated antiviral immunity. Front. Immunol. 7, 662 (2017).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Hasan, A. et al. Enhancement of IL-6 production induced by SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein and Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients sera. Viruses 15, 2018 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Stepanenko, A. A. & Heng, H. H. Transient and stable vector transfection: Pitfalls, off-target effects, artifacts. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 773, 91103 (2017).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Read this article:

Immunological mechanisms of the nucleocapsid protein in COVID-19 | Scientific Reports - Nature.com