Since first being recorded in late 2019 in China, the Covid-19 coronavirus has spread around the world and killed millions worldwide.
Having officially been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization at the start of 2020, 2022 marks the third year that the virus has impacted societies.
Total case counts are now in the millions in many countries, with the worldwide case count increasing by hundreds of thousands each day. However, differences in testing mean the number of cases may be understated for some countries.
At the same time, dozens of countries have recorded over 10,000 deaths. The US and Brazil have each recorded over half a million deaths since the start of the pandemic.
Larger countries tend to have higher numbers of both cases and deaths. But there are many other factors in play, such as the demographic profiles of the countries; countries with ageing populations may be hit harder because the disease is more dangerous to older people. Countries that have imposed social distancing restrictions, as well as those with advanced vaccination campaigns, have managed to avoid some of the worst peaks recorded around the world.
Case rates the daily cases per million people in any country show how many European countries faced new highs in infection during last winter.
The disease has caused tens or hundreds of thousands of deaths in many countries, hitting the US, Brazil, India, Mexico and Russia with particular cruelty in terms of total deaths.
And while most countries experienced the first wave of infections in a similar fashion, albeit at different times, new variants are for now changing the way different areas are suffering from further waves.
In December 2020, a number of countries began to approve vaccines and begin vaccination programmes.
Many countries rolled out their vaccine programmes in early 2021, but concerns have been raised over the availability of vaccines in developing nations.
Johns Hopkins University publishes cases and deaths data for most countries in the world (a notable exception being North Korea, which claims to have had none). But JHU concedes that it collects data from many sources, some of which disagree with each other. Even where the collection is less contentious there are significant differences in the ways countries test, and in the way they report cases and deaths. Belgium, for instance, attributes deaths to Covid-19 if the disease is a suspected cause, even if no test has been carried out.
Due to the unprecedented and ongoing nature of the coronavirus outbreak, this article is being regularly updated to ensure that it reflects the current situation at the date of publication. Any significant corrections made to this or previous versions of the article will continue to be footnoted in line with Guardian editorial policy.
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