What is plasma therapy, and how does it work to treat the coronavirus? Everything you need to know – USA TODAY

Why a treatment used for over a century on diseases like measles, mumps and influenza could work to treat the new coronavirus strain. USA TODAY

As the government works double-time alongside companies to test and manufacture an effective vaccine for the coronavirus, researchersexamine other drugs and treatments for COVID-19, the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Many scientific articles and government officials have been focused on drugs such ashydroxychloroquine and remdesivir, but little attention has been directed towarda less glamorous form of treatment: convalescent plasma therapy.

Although it's anold tool introduced to science in the 19th century, it's still considered experimental during thecoronavirus pandemic as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says theresno approved treatment for COVID-19.

Congressmen and celebritieshave donated plasma after recovering from COVID-19 and urge others to do the same.Before you do, here's everything you need to know about convalescent plasma therapy.

According to the FDA, convalescent plasma is the liquid part of blood collected from patients who have recovered from COVID-19. These patients develop antibodies, proteins that might help fight the infection.

Plasmafrom survivorsgives patientsan immediate injection of virus-fighting antibodiesso they don't haveto wait for their own immune systems to kick in. The use of plasma from survivors to treat those sick with the same illness goesback more than a century and has been used to stemoutbreaks of polio, measles, mumps and influenza.

Convalescent plasma therapy fell out of fashion in the mid-20th century as antimicrobials gained more popularity in the field, according to a scientific article published in The Lancet. The therapy reemergedperiodically duringepidemics such as SARS in 2002-2004, influenza A H1N1 in 2009 and MERS in 2012.

A study done in 2004 in Hong Kongshowed patients with SARS who were given convalescent plasma earlierin the infection process weredischarged from the hospital soonerand were less likely to die than patients who were given it later. The World Health Organization published official guidance on convalescent plasma donor selection and treatment after research showed positive results for Ebola.

Though studies suggest convalescent plasma therapy is effective in combating other coronaviruses, there has been little evidence to suggest it can do the same for SARS-CoV-2.

The FDA issued guidance for health care providers that recommends using convalescent plasma therapy for clinical trials and patients with serious or immediately life-threatening disease who arent eligible to participate in trials.

Some experts argue the disease is too advanced in critically ill patients for the treatment to work.

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"Once they get to the ICU stage, it seems like theyre too far gone becausethere's all these physiologicalthings going on with them that antibodies won't touch at that point," said Dr. Camille van Buskirk, medical director for the Mayo Clinic Blood Donor Program.

Astudy from Chinapublished in JAMA Wednesday, found convalescent plasma in addition to standard treatment didnt significantly improve patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19. Researchers conceded results may be limited as theywere unable to recruit more patients and terminatedthe study early.

Van Buskirk said other studies show early signs of improvement among patients who are hospitalized but not yet severely ill, those in the "middle ground."

A recovered COVID-19 patient donates blood at the Arnulfo Arias Madrid Hospital in Panama City on May 13.(Photo: Arnulfo Franco, AP)

Though efficacy may be up in the air, safety isn't. In a Johns Hopkins University study, more than 16,000 Americans with COVID-19 were infused with plasma from recovered patients, andno major safety issues were reported.

Dr. Shmuel Shoham, associate professor at Johns Hopkins Medicine, is involved in two randomized, controlled studies at the university looking at convalescent plasma as a prevention method and treatment for COVID-19 in an outpatient setting. Although there aren't any preliminary results from those two studies, previous studies give him a glimmer of hope.

The trend tends to go the same way again and again, Shoham said. The people who get it seem to have a positive response and, when comparisons are made, they tend to do better than the people who didnt get it.

An obstacle for convalescent plasma therapy is supply.

Unlike manufactured antimicrobial medicines,convalescent plasmais a natural treatment that must be harvested from recovered COVID-19 patients who meet the criteria and are willing to donate.

Van Buskirk said declining infection rates in some parts of the country have allowed the Mayo Clinic to build up inventory, but they've also made it more difficult to finddonors.

"Were hoping if everyone can get out there and collect as much as they can that well have enough for the next wave that comes along," she said. Many experts predict that wave of infections will be in the fall.

Plasma can be frozen and stored for up to 18 months.

A lab technician freeze-packs convalescent plasma donated by recovered COVID-19 patients for shipping to hospitals at Inova Blood Services on April 22 in Dulles, Va.(Photo: ALEX EDELMAN, AFP via Getty Images)

To maximize donations, most centers use standard apheresis technology thatseparates the plasma from the blood, then pumps that blood back into the donor. Van Buskirk said the process takes longer than traditionally donating blood and separating the plasma afterward, but it can double the amount of plasma collected.

In late May, the Department of Defense announced a nationwide initiative to collect more than 8,000 units of plasma at 15 Armed Services Blood Program centers across the country using the technology.

In an attempt to promote plasma transfusions, more than 40 of the nation's top health institutionsjoined theNational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Project.People who want to donate plasmacanregister withthe MayoClinic, the lead institutionforthe program.

More donation programs can be found on the FDA website. Van Buskirk recommended checking in with your local center before donating as requirements have changed over the course of the pandemic.

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Even with a healthy supply, the concept ofconvalescent therapy may be difficult for patients to grasp,Shoham said.

"It does require a paradigm shift in people's minds," he said. "It's a product that needs to be given by IV infusion as opposed to getting a pill or a shot in the arm."

One treatment can take up to an hour, which makes it harder to line up health workers who may be more at risk for exposure as the country's economy begins to open.

Shohamsaid people are more receptive to the idea of immunotherapy, and he hopes the acceptance will continue past thepandemic.

"It could change things, not just for the coronavirus, but a host of different viruses that don't have traditional therapies and change from season to season," he said.

Follow Adrianna Rodriguez on Twitter: @AdriannaUSAT.

Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial input.

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What is plasma therapy, and how does it work to treat the coronavirus? Everything you need to know - USA TODAY