Doctors start giving second round of shots to volunteers in Seattle COVID-19 vaccine trial – USA TODAY

Pressure to create a coronavirus vaccine is increasing by the day, but for a safe vaccine to enter the market, it takes time. USA TODAY

The Seattle volunteers who got shots in the first trial of a possible coronavirus vaccine are now getting the second shot an indicator the early trial is progressing well.

While the doctors at Kaiser Permanente'sVaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unitin Seattle dont know the results of the first round of tests, the fact that it has continued and that the second round of injections are now being given is good news, said Lisa Jackson, who is leading the study.

The trial hasnt been stopped. We know from the study protocol that if adverse events had happened, the protocol would have required that, she said.Therefore we presume those things havent happened.

The volunteers are taking part in the first investigational vaccine study to fight coronavirus. The studylaunched on March 16.

U.S. researchers have given healthy volunteers the first shot of an experimental coronavirus vaccine as anxiously awaited testing opens. The Associated Press observed as the study's first participant received the injection inside an exam room. (March 16) AP Domestic

The vaccine, called mRNA-1273, was developed by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and at theCambridge, Mass.-based biotechnology company Moderna, Inc..

It is being given in two doses because the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is new and no one had been exposed to it before it appeared in December, said Jackson.

Humans are a "naive" population when it comes to the virus. The first shot is a primer to set the immune system up, giving it a first look at the virus, Jackson said.

The second shot, administered 28 days later, builds on that protection so the body can more rapidly produce antibodies if it is later exposed to the virus.

After the first set of volunteers was enrolled in Seattle, the trial was expanded on March 27 to include volunteers at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. The initial group included 28 in Seattle and 17 at Emory.

The volunteers will be followed for 13 months to ensure they have no side effects or other reactions to the vaccine.

Jennifer Haller, left, smiles as the needle is withdrawn after she was given the first-stage safety study clinical trial of the potential vaccine.(Photo: Ted S. Warren, AP)

The experimental Moderna vaccine uses messenger RNA to get the bodys own cells to produce a protein found on the spikes on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus it uses to infect human cells.

The hope is that the body will respond to those proteins by mounting a robust immune response to the virus.

The National Institutes of health is now expanding the trial to include 60 adults over the age of 56, Jackson said. Some will be tested in Seattle, some in Atlanta at some at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland.

The test is part of Phase I trial of the possible vaccine. The goal is to test the safety of various doses and whether these doses produce an immune response.

Phase I trials dont study whether the vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 infection. That comes in Phase II.

There are no vaccines or treatments that have yet been approved for COVID-19. The Moderna vaccine was the first of more than 70 candidate vaccines currently being tested worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.

In terms of treatment, thus far the most promising but still not yetapproved as it's in the testing phase may be Remdesivir, an antiviral drug from Gilead Sciences. Leaked data from a test at the University of Chicago appeared to indicate it might help those infected. The company has cautioned that until all data is analysized, it's impossible to draw any conclusions from the trial.

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Doctors start giving second round of shots to volunteers in Seattle COVID-19 vaccine trial - USA TODAY